RSTP- Modos de operação parte 2.

Modos de operação:

O modos de operação foram reduzidos no RSTP para 3 modos o que proporcionou um melhor tempo de convergência:

Discarding: Este estado pode ser visto tanto em uma topologia ativa quanto durante a sincronização, o modo discarding evita o redirecionamento de pacotes e consequentemente uma quebra de continuidade do enlace da camada 2.

Learning: Este estado pode ser visto tanto em uma topologia ativa quanto durante a sincronização, o modo learning aceita pacotes e assim como no STP padrão iniciar a formação da tabela MAC.

Forwarding: Este estado é visto apenas na topologia estável, as portas redirecionando determinam a topologia e após uma mudança de topologia ou durante a sincronização, o redirecionamento de pacotes de dados só acontece depois de um processo de proposta e acordo.

RST- 1.4 Rapid Spannig Tree Protocol (802.1w) parte

Rapid Spannig Tree Protocol (802.1w).

O RSTP é uma versão melhorada do STP(802.1d) incorporando as seguintes melhorias:

PortFast:
Indica ao switch que algumas portas não precisa participar do processo de convergência tornando as portas ativas imediatamente, esse recurso é usado apenas em portas de acesso de VLAN.

UplinkFast:

É um recurso direcionado a portas uplink usadas para conexões entre switchs, deve ser usado apenas em caminhos redundantes para o switch raiz e em portas modo blocking.

BackboneFast:

É um recurso usado para determinar inconsistência na topologia da rede e deve ser aplicado em todos os switchs da rede diminuindo o tempo de convergência.

STP: Modos de operação da portas de um Switch e convergência

 Modos de operação da portas de um Switch:

Existem 4 modos de operação para uma porta de m switch.

Blocking: Não encaminha frames, más recebe e envia BPDU. Todas as portas de switch estão no modo blocking quando um ele é ligado.

Listening: Recebe e analisa BPDU para certifica-se que não existem loops na rede antes de começar a encaminhar os frames.

Learning: Registram os endereços de hardware conectados as interface formando a tabela mac.
Forwarding: Enviar e recebe frames.

Tipicamente as portas de um swicths estarão no modo blocking ou no modo forwarding e caso aconteça alguma falha na rede as portas em redundancia voltarão para o modo listening e learning.

O modo blocking é usado para impedir os loops de rede, quando o switch defini o melhor caminho ao switch raiz as outras portas serão definidas em modo blocking. Caso um switch defina que uma porta em modo blocking deverá ser uma porta designada, esta porta entrará no modo listening e irá analisar as BPDUs para certifica-se que não criará um loop na rede.

 Convergencia do STP:

É o processo que garante a consistência da tabela mac de todos os switchs da rede.
Durante esse processo não existe transmissão de dados e ocorre quando os switchs encerram o processo de alternância do modo blocking até o forwarding.

STP: Determinando o Switch raiz

Determinando o Switch raiz:

Switchs e bridges com o STP ativado trocam informações através da unidade BPDU- Bridges Protocols Data Unit enviando mensagens de configuração através de frames multicast. Através da BPDU são enviados os ids dos swicths que possuem um tamanho de 8 bytes e são usados para eleger o swicth raiz e a porta raiz.
Dentro dos 8 bytes do id estão incluidos o endereço MAC do dispositivo e valor de prioridade.
O valor padrão de prioridade dos switchs com o stp do IEEE é 32.768.

Para determinar o switch raiz o valor de prioridade e o endereço mac são combinados e caso dois switchs tenham o mesmo valor de prioridade o swicth raiz será definido pelo seu endereço mac e será definido o de menor id.

STP: O Protocolo Spanning Tree:


O Protocolo Spanning Tree:


É um protocolo criado pela extinta Digital Equipament Corporation-(DEC). Posteriormente a IEEE
homologou a sua versão do protocolo Spanning Tree denominada IEEE 802.1d.
A principal função do protocolo spanning tree é evitar loops de rede na camada de enlace.
O STP monitora constantemente a rede identificando todos os links ativos certificando-se que os loops de redes não ocorra desativando os links redundantes.

O STP define a topologia da rede elegendo apenas um switch-root(switch raiz).
As portas do swicth raiz serão denominadas portas designadas e estarão no modo encaminhamento, ficando aptas a enviar e receber dados.
Os switchs restantes serão denominadas switchs não raiz e a porta com menor custo será a porta raiz que tambem estará em modo encaminhamento e poderá tanto enviar ou receber dados e será determinada pela melhor largura de banda.
As portas restantes serão denominadas portas designadas.
Em uma rede com diversos switchs caso uma ou mais portas de um switch tenham o mesmo custo o switch com menor id será usado e definido como porta designada.
As portas restantes serão consideradas portas não designadas e estão no modo blocking não podendo enviar ou receber dados.


ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file string - see DBWR trace file

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file string - see DBWR trace file

Cause: The background process was either unable to find one of the data files or failed to lock it because the file was already in use. The database will prohibit access to this file but other files will be unaffected. However the first instance to open the database will need to access all online data files. Accompanying error from the operating system describes why the file could not be identified.
Action: Have operating system make file available to database. Then either open the database or do ALTER SYSTEM CHECK DATAFILES.






See more oracle error here.

Oracle error- ORA-01095: DML statement processed zero rows

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog

ORA-01095: DML statement processed zero rows

Cause: During a call to OTEX, an update, delete, or insert statement being executed processed zero rows. The execution of statements by OTEX was halted at this point.
Action: None


See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01093: ALTER DATABASE CLOSE only permitted with no sessions connected

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01093: ALTER DATABASE CLOSE only permitted with no sessions connected
Cause: There is at least one more session other than the current one logged into the instance. ALTER DATABASE CLOSE is not permitted.
Action: Find the other sessions and log them out and resubmit the command




See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced
Cause: The instance this process was connected to was terminated abnormally, probably via a shutdown abort. This process was forced to disconnect from the instance.
Action: Examine the alert log for more details. When the instance has been restarted, retry action.







See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01091: failure during startup force

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01091: failure during startup force
Cause: Unable to destroy the old SGA.
Action: Manually remove the old SGA and reissue the STARTUP command



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01090: shutdown in progress - connection is not permitted

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01090: shutdown in progress - connection is not permitted
Cause: The SHUTDOWN command was used to shut down a running ORACLE instance, so you cannot connect to ORACLE.
Action: Wait for the instance to be restarted, or contact your DBA.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01089: immediate shutdown in progress - no operations are permitted

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01089: immediate shutdown in progress - no operations are permitted
Cause: The SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE command was used to shut down a running ORACLE instance, so your operations have been terminated.
Action: Wait for the instance to be restarted, or contact your DBA.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01088: shutdown in progress - operation not permitted until restart

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01088: shutdown in progress - operation not permitted until restart

Cause: The SHUTDOWN command was used to shut down a running Oracle instance but the shutdown operation was not complete.
Action: Wait for the instance to be restarted or contact your database administrator.





See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01086: savepoint 'string' never established in this session or is invalid

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01086: savepoint 'string' never established in this session or is invalid
Cause: An attempt was made to roll back to a savepoint that was never established in this session, or was invalid.
Action: Try rolling back to the savepoint from the session where it is established.




See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01085: preceding errors in deferred rpc to "string.string.string"

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01085: preceding errors in deferred rpc to "string.string.string"
Cause: Errors were encountered when the named procedure was executed as a deferred remoted procedure call.
Action: Correct the cause of the preceding errors.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01084: invalid argument in OCI call

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01084: invalid argument in OCI call
Cause: The failing OCI call contains an argument with an invalid value.
Action: Use valid argument values. For more information, see the Programmer's Guide to the Oracle Call Interfaces and the appropriate programming language supplement.








See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01083: value of parameter "string" is inconsistent with that of other instances

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01083: value of parameter "string" is inconsistent with that of other instances
Cause: The value of the given parameter is required to be the same for all instances in the cluster database configuration. ROW_LOCKING and SERIALIZABLE are 2 examples.
Action: Change the value of the parameter in INIT.ORA file to match that of other cluster database instances.








See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01082: 'row_locking = always' requires the transaction processing option

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01082: 'row_locking = always' requires the transaction processing option
Cause: "row_locking = always" is specified in INIT.ORA file. This feature is not supported by ORACLE without the transaction processing option.
Action: Remove it from INIT.ORA file or set it to "default" or "intent".










See more oracle error here.

oracle error-

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01081: cannot start already-running ORACLE - shut it down first
Cause: Obvious
Action: None







See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01080: error in shutting down ORACLE

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01080: error in shutting down ORACLE
Cause: Failure during system shutdown.
Action: Further diagnostic information should be in the error stack.







See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01079: ORACLE database was not properly created, operation aborted

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01079: ORACLE database was not properly created, operation aborted
Cause: There was an error when the database or control file was created.
Action: s to recreate the database or a new control file.







See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
Cause: Failure during processing of INIT.ORA parameters during system startup.
Action: Further diagnostic information should be in the error stack.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01077: background process initialization failure

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01077: background process initialization failure
Cause: Failure during initialization of ORACLE background processes.
Action: Further diagnostic information should be in the error stack or in the trace file.








See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01076: multiple logons per process not yet supported

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01076: multiple logons per process not yet supported
Cause: Obvious
Action: None







See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01075: you are currently logged on

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01075: you are currently logged on
Cause: Attempt to login while logged in.
Action: None







See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01074: cannot shut down ORACLE; inside a login session - log off first

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01074: cannot shut down ORACLE; inside a login session - log off first


Cause: Obvious
Action: None



See more oracle error here.

Oracle error- ORA-01073: fatal connection error: unrecognized call type

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01073: fatal connection error: unrecognized call type


Cause: An illegal internal operation was attempted.
Action: Contact your customer support representative.



See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01072: cannot stop ORACLE; ORACLE not running

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01072: cannot stop ORACLE; ORACLE not running


Cause: Obvious
Action: None

See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01071: cannot perform operation without starting up ORACLE

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01071: cannot perform operation without starting up ORACLE
Cause: Obvious
Action: None




See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01070: Using an old version of Oracle for the server

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01070: Using an old version of Oracle for the server
Cause: Using pre 7.0.10.1 version of oracle for server
Action: Upgrade server to post 7.0.10.1 version



See more oracle error here.

Oracle error- ORA-01062: unable to allocate memory for define buffer

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01062: unable to allocate memory for define buffer
Cause: Exceeded the maximum buffer size for current plaform
Action: Use piecewise fetch with a smaller buffer size



See more oracle error here.

Oracle error- ORA-01061: cannot start up a V8 server using a V7 client application

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01061: cannot start up a V8 server using a V7 client application
Cause: You are using an Oracle client application linked with version 7 (or lower) libraries and you attempted to start up a V8 (or higher) server.
Action: Use a client application linked with V8 (or higher) libraries.60







See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01060: array binds or executes not allowed

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01060: array binds or executes not allowed
Cause: The client application attempted to bind an array of cursors or attempted to repeatedly execute against a PL/SQL block with a bind variable of type cursor.
Action: Bind a single cursor or execute the PL/SQL block once.







See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01059: parse expected before a bind or execute

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01059: parse expected before a bind or execute
Cause: The client application attempted to bind a variable or execute a cursor opened in a PL/SQL block before the statement was parsed.
Action: Ensure the statement is parsed before a bind or execute.







See more oracle error here.

Oracle error - ORA-01058: internal New Upi interface error

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01058: internal New Upi interface error
Cause: Attempt to delete non existant hstdef extension.
Action: Report as a bug.




See more oracle error here.

Oracle error- ORA-01055: Object datatypes not supported for bind or define in this mode

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01055: Object datatypes not supported for bind or define in this mode


Cause: Bind or Define used for objects with an invalid mode
Action: Change the mode.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01052: required destination LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST is not specified

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01052: required destination LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST is not specified

Cause: A valid destination for parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST was not specified when parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_MIN_SUCCEED_DEST was set to two.
Action: Either specify a value for parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST, or reduce the value for parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_MIN_SUCCEED_DEST to one.


See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01037: maximum cursor memory exceeded

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01037: maximum cursor memory exceeded

Cause: Attempting to process a complex sql statement which consumed all available memory of the cursor.
Action: Simplify the complex sql statement.


See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01036: illegal variable name/number

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01036: illegal variable name/number
Cause: Unable to find bind context on user side
Action: Make sure that the variable being bound is in the sql statement.

See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01035: ORACLE only available to users with RESTRICTED SESSION privilege

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01035: ORACLE only available to users with RESTRICTED SESSION privilege
Cause: Logins are disallowed because an instance started in restricted mode. Only users with RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege can log on.
Action: Request that Oracle be restarted without the restricted option or obtain the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01034: ORACLE not available

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
Cause: Oracle was not started up. Possible causes include the following:- The SGA requires more space than was allocated for it. - The operating-system variable pointing to the instance is improperly defined.
Action: Refer to accompanying messages for possible causes and correct the problem mentioned in the other messages. If Oracle has been initialized, then on some operating systems, verify that Oracle was linked correctly. See the platform specific Oracle documentation.


See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress


Cause: An attempt was made to log on while Oracle is being started up or shutdown.
Action: Wait a few minutes. Then retry the operation.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01032: no such userid

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01032: no such userid
Cause: This is an internal error message related to Export/Import.
Action: Contact customer support.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01031: insufficient privileges - error

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

Cause: An attempt was made to change the current username or password without the appropriate privilege. This error also occurs if attempting to install a database without the necessary operating system privileges. When Trusted Oracle is configure in DBMS MAC, this error may occur if the user was granted the necessary privilege at a higher label than the current login.
Action: Ask the database administrator to perform the operation or grant the required privileges. For Trusted Oracle users getting this error although granted the the appropriate privilege at a higher label, ask the database administrator to regrant the privilege at the appropriate label.


See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01030: SELECT ... INTO variable does not exist

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01030: SELECT ... INTO variable does not exist
Cause: The SELECT... INTO specified in the bind call does not correspond to a variable in the SQL statement.
Action: If it is not possible to correct the statement, call customer support.

See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01029: internal two task error

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01029: internal two task error
Cause: Received a request to send the long again when there is no long
Action: Report as a bug



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01028: internal two task error

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01028: internal two task error
Cause: Received send long message but don't have the cursor context.
Action: Report as a bug.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01027: bind variables not allowed for data definition operations

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01027: bind variables not allowed for data definition operations
Cause: An attempt was made to use a bind variable in a SQL data definition operation.
Action: Such bind variables are not allowed.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01026: multiple buffers of size > 4000 in the bind list

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog




ORA-01026: multiple buffers of size > 4000 in the bind list
Cause: More than one long buffer in the bind list.
Action: Change the buffer size to be less than 4000 for the bind variable bound to a normal column.




See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01025: UPI parameter out of range

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01025: UPI parameter out of range
Cause: An integer parameter to a upi function is out of range.
Action: This usually indicates an error in a tool built on top of the oracle dbms. Report the error to your customer support representative.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01023: Cursor context not found (Invalid cursor number)

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01023: Cursor context not found (Invalid cursor number)
Cause: The cursor number is not a valid open cursor.
Action: Make sure that the cursor is open.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01022: database operation not supported in this configuration

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01022: database operation not supported in this configuration
Cause: The attempted database operation does not conform to the user programming interface (UPI) for the two communicating ORACLE servers.
Action: You may need to upgrade one or more of your ORACLE servers or re-link your user side application with new libraries. Report the problem to Worldwide Customer Support.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01019: unable to allocate memory in the user side

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog



ORA-01019: unable to allocate memory in the user side
Cause: The user side memory allocator returned error.
Action: Increase the processes heap size or switch to the old set of calls.




See more oracle error here.

oracle error - ORA-01016: This function can be called only after a fetch

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01016: This function can be called only after a fetch
Cause: Cursor in an invalid state.
Action: Make sure that the oci/upi function is called after fetch.



See more oracle error here.

oracle error- ORA-01010: invalid OCI operation

Oracle error
oracle, oracle error, oracle blog


ORA-01010: invalid OCI operation
Cause: One of the following: 1) You attempted an invalid OCI operation. 2) You are using an Oracle client application linked with version 7.1 (or higher) libraries, the environment variable ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN is set to TRUE, and you attempted to connect to a version 7.0 (or lower) Oracle Server. 3) You are connected to a version 7.1 (or higher) Oracle Server, the initialization parameter DBLINK_ENCRYPT_LOGIN is set to TRUE, and you attempted to use a database link pointing to a version 7.0 (or lower) Oracle Server. 4) You are connected to a version 9.0.2(or higher) Oracle Server and you attempted to use a database link pointing to a version 9.0.1(or lower) Oracle Server for distributed autonomous transaction.
Action: For the above causes: 1) Do not use the invalid OCI operation. 2) If you do not wish to use encrypted connect passwords in your distributed database, set ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN to FALSE. If you wish to use encrypted connect passwords, you must upgrade all Oracle Servers to version 7.1 (or higher). 3) If you do not wish to use encrypted database links in your distributed database, set DBLINK_ENCRYPT_LOGIN to FALSE. If you wish to use encrypted database links, you must upgrade all Oracle Servers to version 7.1 (or higher). 4) Do not attempt distributed autonomous transaction on version 9.0.1(or lower) Oracle Server.

See more oracle error here.